This volume, covering 1945 to 1992, is the third of three volumes on the role of federal military forces in domestic disorders. Summarizing institutional and other changes that took place in the Army and in American society during this period, it carries the reader through the nation’s use of federal troops during the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s and the domestic upheavals of the 1960s and 1970s associated with the Vietnam War.
1. PROLOGUE 3
Laws Governing the Domestic Use of Troops 4
Reorganization of the Military Departments 6
Intelligence Organization and Procedures 9
Contingency Plans 11
Riot Control Training 13
2. THE ROAD TO LITTLE ROCK17
Patterns of Resistance 19
A Soldier-President 20
Race and Politics in Arkansas 27
The Developing Crisis 32
The Federal Response 34
3. INTERVENTION AT LITTLE ROCK 39
The Army Prepares 39
Casting the Die 45
The Forces Assemble 47
The Crisis Contained 50
Criticisms and Legal Views 53
The Second Crisis 56
The Slow Departure 59
Epilogue 66
4. THE ROAD TO OXFORD 69
Freedom Rides 71
Tensions Mount 76
Final Phase 79
The Meredith Case 80
Efforts To Avoid the Use of Force 86
The Tactical Forces 88
The President Acts 93
The Growing Crisis 97
5. THE RIOT AT OXFORD 101
Military Intervention 104
The Regulars 109
xii Chapter Page Oxford in Daylight 117
Maintaining a Military Presence 119
Redeployments and Troubling Incidents 125
Reducing and Rotating the Force 128
6. THREE TROUBLED YEARS 137
Birmingham: Operation Oak Tree 137
Recommendations and Planning 141
Operation Palm Tree 145
The March on Washington 153
Birmingham and Tuscaloosa—Again 159
Other Steep Hill Operations 161
Voter Registration 162
New Troubles Replace Old 164
7. CRISIS IN THE NORTH AND WEST 167
The Urban Ghettos 168
Tension Rises 171
Violence in Newark 173
Taking Stock 176
The Detroit Riot 177
Federal Intervention 180
Deployment of Federal Troops 184
The President Acts 188
The Use of Weapons by the National Guard 197
Detroit in Retrospect 203
8. REFLECTIONS ON VIOLENCE 205
Society and Law 205
The Army’s Role Reconsidered 207
Command and Control 211
Intelligence 215
What Was Right with the Army 217
Rebuilding the Guard. 218
Recommendations from the Hill 221
The Army’s Own Conclusions 222
The Army’s Civil Disturbance Plan 224
Intelligence Planning and Collection 227
9. THE MARCH ON THE PENTAGON 231
The Military and the Protesters 234
Plans and Preparations 237
The Permit 242
Military Contingency Planning 244
xiii Chapter Page Image and Reality 249
The March on the Pentagon 254
Aftermath 264
10. THE WASHINGTON RIOT OF 1968 267
The Government Prepares 268
The Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr 271
Washington D.C 274
The Request for Troops 280
Troop Deployment and Operations 284
A City in Turmoil 290
Logistical Support 294
Phasedown and Withdrawal 296
11. THE CHICAGO AND BALTIMORE RIOTS 299
Trouble in Chicago 299
Deployment of Federal Troops 303
Preparing for Operations 306
Operations in Chicago 310
Casualties, Property Losses, and Deadly Force 313
The Baltimore Riot 315
Federal Intervention 320
Organization for Action 325
Street Operations 326
The Riot in Retrospect 332
12. IN THE WAKE OF THE RIOTS 337
Assessments and Responses 337
A New Directorate 342
Resurrection City, U.S.A. 344
Organizing for the Future 349
The National Political Conventions 354
Dissension in the Ranks 363
13. ANTIWAR DEMONSTRATIONS AND SURVEILLANCE 369
The Inauguration 369
Domestic Intelligence 375
The Vietnam Moratoriums 381
Planning at Year’s End 389
Political Surveillance Uncovered 390
Legal Aspects: Constitutional and Statutory 396
14. THE END OF THE CYCLE 401
From New Haven to Kent State 401
Disorder Continued 408
Review and Revision 411
xiv Chapter Page May Day 1971: The Last Vietnam Antiwar Crisis 420
The Elections and Their Aftermath 425
Looking Ahead 429
15. TOWARD A NEW CENTURY 433
Wounded Knee 434
An Expanding Mission 438
Riots in the Post-Vietnam Era 440
In Retrospect 449
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE 453
INDEX. 487
Anyone interested in the history of the period from 1945-92 about civil disorders and how the U.S. Military responded during the many civil confrontations especially associated with the civil rights movement, will find this resource a comprehensive document. Complete with stories of specific moments of civil strife and photographs to provide visual context, it provides an important window in American history.
Product Details
- Scheips, Paul J.
- Center of Military History Publication 30 20
- Army Historical Series
- Armed Forces
- Domestic Disorders
- Riots
- Military History
- Insurgency
