The Health Consequences of Smoking—50 Years of Progress. A Report of the Surgeon General (Full Report- ePub eBook)

This comprehensive report chronicles the devastating consequences of 50 years of tobacco use in the United States. It updates data on the numerous health effects resulting from smoking and exposure to secondhand smoke and details public health trends, both favorable and unfavorable, in tobacco use. This report also marks the steady progress achieved in reducing the prevalence of smoking and validates tobacco control strategies that have consistently proven to be effective. It also examines strategies with the potential to eradicate the death and disease caused by the tobacco epidemic. Finally, the report documents that effective interventions are available and calls for their full implementation. 

The release of this report has been coordinated with the 50th Anniversary of the first Surgeon General’s report on smoking and health.

About the Agency:

As the Nation’s Doctor, the Surgeon General provides Americans with the best scientific information available on how to improve their health and reduce the risk of illness and injury. Some of the Surgeon General’s most important tools are comprehensive scientific reports on specific health issues, such as this report on smoking and health.

Table of Contents:

Chapter 1. Introduction, Summary, and Conclusions

Introduction

Organization of the Report

Development of the Report

Scientific Basis of the Report

Major Conclusions from the Report

Chapter Conclusions

References

Chapter 2. Fifty Years of Change—1964–2014

Introduction

Tobacco Control: Before the 1964 Report

Scientific Judgment and the 1964 Report

Remedial Action and Change Following the 1964 Report

Passive Smoking and Environmental Change

Nicotine and Addiction

Denormalization and the Tobacco Industry

Summary

References

Chapter 3. Producing the Surgeon General’s Report From 1964–2014: Process and Purpose

Introduction

Development of a Scientific Consensus

Development of the Criteria for Causation Used in the 1964 Report

Methods for Reviewing the Evidence and Developing Conclusions

Process of Ensuring Consensus and Strength of the Peer Review

Separation of Scientific Conclusions and the Formation of Policy

References

Chapter 4. Advances in Knowledge of the Health Consequences of Smoking: From 1964–2014

Introduction

Evolution of Conclusions on Cigarette Smoking amd Exposure to Secondhand Smoke as a Cause of Disease

Summary

References

Chapter 5. Nicotine

Introduction

Toxicokinetics and Acute Toxicity of Nicotine

Pathophysiology of Nicotine Addiction

Health Consequences of Nicotine Exposure

Evidence Summary

Conclusions

Implications

References

Chapter 6. Cancer

Introduction

Mechanisms of Cancer Induction by Tobacco Smoke

Changing Cigarettes and Risk for Lung Cancer Over Time

Liver Cancer

Colorectal Cancer

Prostate Cancer

Breast Cancer

Adverse Health Outcomes in Cancer Patients and Survivors

Evidence Summary

Chapter Conclusions

References

Chapter 7. Respiratory Diseases

Introduction

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Asthma

Tuberculosis

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

Impact of Smoke-free Policies on Respiratory Outcomes

Evidence Summary

Implications

Chapter Conclusions

References

Chapter 8. Cardiovascular Diseases

Introduction

Tobacco Use and Cardiovascular Diseases: Evolution of the Evidence

Mechanisms by Which Smoking Causes Cardiovascular Diseases

Updated Summaries of the Evidence: Active Smoking

Updated Evidence Reviews

Impact of Smokefree Laws on Acute Cardiovascular Events

Evidence Summary

Chapter Conclusions

Implications

References

Chapter 9. Reproductive Outcomes

Introduction

Surveillance

Cessation

Advances in the Understanding of Tobacco and Reproductive Health

Updated Evidence Reviews

Chapter Conclusions

References

Chapter 10. Other Specific Outcomes

Introduction

Eye Disease: Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Dental Disease

Diabetes

Immune Function and Autoimmune Disease

Rheumatoid Arthritis and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Chapter Conclusions

References

Chapter 11. General Morbidity and All-Cause Mortality

Introduction

Smoking and General Morbidity and Economic Costs

All-Cause Mortality

Summary

Chapter Conclusions

Implications

References

Chapter 12. Smoking-Attributable Morbidity, Mortality, and Economic Costs

Introduction

Methodology Used by CDC to Compute Smoking-Attributable Mortality in the United States

Methodological Issues in SAM Calculation

2013 Update to SAMMEC Methodology

Smoking-Attributable Mortality in Adults and Infants, United States, 2005–2009

Projected Smoking-Related Deaths Among Youth, United States, 2012

Smoking-Attributable Morbidity Estimates

Total Smoking-Attributable Mortality, 1965–2014

Summary

Conclusions

Implications

References

Chapter 12 Appendices

Appendix 12.1

Appendix 12.2

References

Chapter 13. Patterns of Tobacco Use Among U.S. Youth, Young Adults, and Adults

Introduction

Historical Trends in Tobacco Use

Cigarette Smoking

Other Tobacco Products

Conclusions

Summary and Implications

Appendix 13.1: Sources of Data

Appendix 13.2: Measures of Tobacco Use

References

Chapter 14. Current Status of Tobacco Control

Introduction

The Changing Public Image of Tobacco

Changes in the Tobacco Industry, Products, and Product Regulations

Tobacco Control Policies

Clinical and Educational Approaches for Tobacco Cessation

International Tobacco Control

Summary

Conclusions

References

Chapter 15. The Changing Landscape of Tobacco Control—Current Status and Future Directions

Introduction

The Tobacco Control Landscape: Over a Hundred Years and Counting

Potential End Game Strategies

Chapter Summary

Conclusions

Implications for Ending the Tobacco Epidemic

References

Chapter 16. A Vision for Ending the Epidemic: Toward a Society Free of Tobacco-caused Death and Disease

A Vision for Ending the Tobacco Epidemic

Accelerating the National Movement to Reduce Tobacco Use

References

List of Abbreviations

List of Tables and Figures

List of Gene Tables

Index

Physicians, medical researchers, and smokers would all find the medical studies evaluating the dangerous effects of cigarettes useful.  In addition, community groups, youth groups, and other groups interested in preventing smoking in youth and adults (and/or helping youth and adults quit smoking) would find these facts very useful.

Adults, African Americans, Alaska Natives & Native Americans, Asian Americans & Pacific Islanders, College Age, Elderly, Hispanics & Latin Americans may find the information contained in this document helpful to their health management.