The Legal Division Reference Book is the culmination of almost forty years of dedicated efforts of many members of the Office of Chief Counsel’s Legal Division at the Federal Law Enforcement Training Centers. The reader will find brief descriptions of the facts, issues and holdings of important Supreme Court cases concerning many Fourth, Fifth and Sixth Amendment issues, as well as several others.
Table of Contents I. THE FOURTH AMENDMENT: WHAT IS A SEARCH? 1
A. Applies to Government Activities Only 4
B. Reasonable Expectation of Privacy 6
4. Private Intrusions 33
5. Third Party Control 35
iv Table of Contents
II. THE FOURTH AMENDMENT: WHAT IS A SEIZURE? 7
A. Arrests 44
1. Premises 45
2. Third Party Premises 48
3. Arrest Warrants 50
B. Stops 55
1. Generally 55
2. Terry Stops / Traffic Stops 59
3. Stops at the Border 69
Table of Contents v III. LEVELS OF SUSPICION 75
A. Probable Cause 75
B. Reasonable Suspicion 82
IV. SEARCH WARRANTS 92
A. Probable Cause 92
1. Required 92
2. Establishing P.C. in the Affidavit 94
3. Neutral and Detached Magistrate 101
4. With Particularity 103
vi Table of Contents B. Serving the Warrant 110
1. Knock and Announce (18 U.S.C. § 3109) 110
2. Persons at the Premises 116
3. Associated Issues 123
V. SEARCH WARRANT EXCEPTIONS - P.C. NEEDED 131
A. Plain View 131
C. Destruction of Evidence 146
Table of Contents vii
D. Hot Pursuit .151
E. Emergency Scenes 155
VI. SEARCH WARRANT EXCEPTIONS - P.C. NOT NEEDED 165
A. Frisks 165
B. Searches Incident to Arrest 168
1. Premises 169
2. Persons 174
3. Cell Phones 179
4. Vehicles 181
viii Table of Contents 5. Compelled Breath / Blood Tests (DUI) 187
C. Consent 189
D. Inventories 203
E. Inspections 209
1. Structures 209
2. Vehicles 218
4. Special Needs of the Government 224
Table of Contents ix
5. Border Inspections 233
VII. FOURTH AMENDMENT - EXCLUSIONARY RULE 236
A. Origins 236
B. Fruit of the Poisonous Tree 239
C. Exceptions 243
1. No Standing to Object 243
2. Good Faith Exception 251
3. Impeachment Purposes 257
4. Independent Source 261
x Table of Contents 5. Inevitable Discovery 262
6. Attenuation 263
7. Other Hearings 265
VIII. RELATED SEARCH AND SEIZURE ISSUES 267
A. Officer’s Intent 267
B. Other Issues 270
IX. THE FIFTH AMENDMENT 278
A. Introductory Issues 278
B. Fourth Amendment Violations 282
C. Due Process 28
D. Testimonial Evidence 295
Table of Contents xi
1. Compelled 298
2. Holder of the Privilege 304
E. Voluntary 309
G. Custodial Interrogation - Miranda 321
1. Police . 324
2. Custody 326
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3. Interrogation 340
4. Right to Silence 343
5. Right to Counsel 350
6. Waiver 360
7. Government Employees 374
8. Miranda Exceptions 380
Table of Contents xiii
X. SIXTH AMENDMENT RIGHT TO COUNSEL 383
A. Attachment of Right 383
B. Critical Stages 386
1. Questioning 386
C. Right to Counsel 394
D. Crime Specific 396
E. Confrontation Clause 398
XI. ADDITIONAL CASES OF INTEREST 403
A. Use of Force 403
B. Civil Liability 417
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XII. OTHER CASES 432
XIII. ADDITIONAL RESOURCES 437
A. The United States Constitution 437
B. DOJ Guidance re: Use of Race/Other Factors by Federal Law Enforcement Agencies 461
C. DOJ Memo: Legal Ethics for Investigative Agents 477
D. DOJ Memo re: Consensual Monitoring 487
E. Giglio Policy 499
F. Glossary of Terms 507
G. Wray Memorandum on Garrity / Kalkines Warnings 511
H. Fisher Letter on Garrity / Kalkines Warnings 517
I. DHS - Use of Deadly Force Policy 519
J. DHS – Public Safety Exception Policy 523
K. DOJ Memo for Prosecutors re: Criminal Discovery 525
L. DOJ Memo re: eCommunications in Fed. Crim. Cases 537
M. DOJ Memo re: Electronic Recording of Statements 547
N. DOJ Guidance re: Use of Cell Site Simulator Technology 553
O. DOJ Memo: Eyewitness Identification - Procedures for Conducting Photo Arrays 563
Table of Contents xv
P. DHS - Human Trafficking Indicators 577
Q. Limited English Proficiency Resource 579
R. Table of Cases 581
This publication is intended to be used by law enforcement personnel, including in the field.
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